first, dumping is a man-made low-cost sales measures. It is depending on the market by the exporter, the goods at below market price in the exporting country for the difference of the same goods sold.
its constituent elements:
. More developed countries to promote free trade, trade protectionism is only used as a temporary measure to deal with the crisis. To the monopoly stage of monopoly capitalist countries to implement trade protectionism, import of foreign goods is not just a means to resist, even as external expansion, the means to compete for the world market.
restrictions in foreign trade in goods imports to protect their goods in the domestic market from foreign competition, to provide various incentives to their products to enhance its international competitiveness of ideas and policies. In limiting imports, mainly to take two measures of tariff and non-tariff barriers. The former mainly through the imposition of high import tariffs to prevent a large number of imported foreign goods; the latter including the adoption of import licensing system, import quotas and a series of non-tariff measures to restrict imports of foreign goods free. These measures are also the least developed countries to protect national industry economy, an important means of developing the national economy. For developed countries, is to adjust the balance of payments, an important tool to correct the trade deficit.
a country product price below the normal value and makes the entry into another country another country domestic market has undermined the competitiveness of the industry behavior is dumping.
② business transfer payments. Usually refers to the non-profit organizations, grants or contributions, as well as non-enterprise employees for personal injury compensation, and so on. Transfer payments reduce the income gap between the objective of maintaining aggregate demand level of stability, and reduce the magnitude of aggregate demand and the strength of swing, social and economic stability has a positive effect. Usually in the Depression came, the total revenue decline, increased unemployment, social welfare expenditures allotted by the Government are bound to increase. This can enhance the purchasing power, increase the level of effective demand, which can inhibit or alleviate depression. When the economy is in excessive demand, the government reduced the amount of transfer payments, can inhibit the increase in the level of aggregate demand. Of course, the demand for over-expansion, this inhibition is minimal.
, later developed capitalist countries, often the implementation of protectionist trade policies
< b> ③ intergovernmental transfer payments. Generally lower levels of government on the level of government subsidies. Determine the amount of transfer payments, generally based on some socio-economic indicators, such as population, area, etc., as well as some from the Government commitment to social and economic activities, such as education, law and order standard uniform unit cost calculation. Intergovernmental transfer payments mainly to balance the different regions due to the geographical environment or the level of economic development resulting from the gap between government revenue, in order to ensure that all areas of government can effectively according to the national uniform standards for the community to provide services.
dumping, is defined as normal trade process import products below their normal value Export price to enter market < wbr />. Investigation and determination of dumping, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC) is responsible.
2. This low-priced sales behavior to cause damage to the importing country industries, including substantial damage, substantial and substantive threat to obstruct;
trade policy holders doctrine Trade Protectionism
free competition capitalism in the period
1. product to below the normal value or fair value of the sales price;
First, a country economic growth rate is high, which means increased revenue, raise the level of domestic demand, will increase the country imports, leading to current account deficit, which will make their currency exchange rate down. Second, if the economy is export-oriented economy to produce more exports, the export growth will offset the increase in imports, slowing the downward pressure on their currencies. Third, a country of high economic growth, means that labor productivity increased rapidly, cost reduction, thus improving the competitive position of domestic products and help increase exports, curb imports; and the high rate of economic growth makes the country currency in the foreign exchange market was good, and therefore the currency exchange rate will rise.
dumping Elements
Second, the dumping of a variety of motives and objectives are , some to sell surplus products, some to compete for foreign markets, expand exports, but as long as the importing country establishment and development of certain industries causing substantial damage or substantial threat or substantial obstacles, anti-dumping measures will lead to punishment.
trade protectionism, both old and new, and its central idea is the same: no one economic policies are likely to affect a country income distribution pattern, which may give rise to different social classes or interest groups respond differently to
ABOUT
on the implementation of 1994 年 GATT Article 6 of the agreement, if in the normal course of trade, exports of a product from one country to another country, the export price is lower than the domestic consumption of its products at comparable prices of the same, that is below its The value of the normal commercial channels to enter another country, then the product will be considered dumping.
dumping
3. damage caused by low sales, a causal relationship between the two.
dumping typically have the following several characteristics:
Third, the dumping is an unfair competition. Government incentives in export policy, export producers to obtain government subsidies, often selling products at low prices; the same time, the producer price of the product to dumping in foreign markets, the market in another country to gain competitive advantage and thus elimination of competitors, and then raise prices to get monopoly high profits.
Fourth, the results are often dumped to the producer or importer of the economic interests of damage, especially predatory dumping disrupted the import side of the market economic order, to the importer a devastating economic blow.
original address: regular financial knowledge, accumulated ing … author: White Lin 0316
transfer payments (transfer payment)
< wbr /> GDP index analysis:
a country GDP increased significantly, reflecting the country booming economy, national income increases, consumption also increases. In this case, the central bank will likely raise interest rates, tightening money supply, the state economy is doing well and interest rates rise will increase the attractiveness of the country currency. Conversely, if a country GDP negative growth, showing the country economy in recession, the spending power reduced. At this time, the central bank may cut interest rates again to stimulate economic growth, interest rates combined with weak economic performance, the attractiveness of the country currency also subsequently reduced. Therefore, in general, high economic growth rates will push up domestic currency exchange rate, and low economic growth rate will result in the currency exchange rate down. For example, from 1995 – 1999, U.S. GDP average annual growth rate of 4.1%, while the 11 euro area countries except Ireland (9.0%) was higher, the French, German, Italian and other major countries, GDP growth was only 2.2 %, 1.5% and 1.2%, well below the U.S. level. This prompted the euro since January 1, 1999 inception, all the way down against the dollar in less than two years depreciation of 30%. But in fact, economic growth rate differences on the impact of exchange rate changes are manifold:
GDP reflects the economic value added of the sector total.
3.
Government or business free lower levels of government payments to individuals or to increase its income and < wbr /> buying power costs. A government or business is not to get merchandise or services as compensation expense, is a form of income redistribution. Government transfer payments, including transfers, corporate transfers and intergovernmental transfers.
① government transfer payments. Most have benefits nature of expenditures, such as social Insurance welfare benefits, pension , pension , unemployment benefits, relief payments and a variety of grant fees; agricultural price subsidy is government transfer payments. As the Government transfer payments is actually the country fiscal revenue returned to the individual, so some Western economists call a negative tax.
GDP
domestic product of the initials, that is, GDP (Hong Kong and Taiwan have translated into the amount of domestic production Mao GDP). GDP, usually defined as: a period of time (a quarter or a < b> years ), a country or region economic < wbr /> in the production of all final product and provide labor of market value < wbr /> total value. In Economics , the commonly used GDP and GNP ( GDP , gross national
1. GDP that is the English gross
product) common to measure the country or region economic development comprehensive level of common index . This is also often used in various countries and regions, the measurement means. GDP is macroeconomic the most talked about economic statistics, because it is considered a measure of national economic development is most important indicator. In general, the gross domestic product in three forms, namely value, income, and products. From the form of value, it is the production of all resident units in a given period the value of all goods and services all with the same period investment in fixed assets, non-difference between the value of goods and services that all resident units and the increase in value; from income appearance, it is all resident units in a certain period of time and income creation; the form of products, it is the end-use goods and services minus imports of goods and services.
2. GDP = C I G (XM)
taken to stop dumping anti-dumping measures should be said is reasonable, but if anti-dumping measures more than its reasonable or rational level, anti-dumping measures will become a trade protectionism measures, and thus impede the expansion of international trade effects. For example, there is no arbitrary to assume that the original dumping of goods for the dumping of goods, or indefinitely, exaggerate the margin of dumping, and thus anti-dumping measures unreasonably or inappropriately increase the amount of anti-dumping duty, which will impede the normal conduct of the import trade. such as the United States and Canada, particularly on the import of potato-dumping duties imposed disputes. 1962 年 , due to climatic reasons, the U.S. agricultural harvest as early as in Canada, listing a large number of potatoes in the United States, Canada potato harvest has not, then Canada potato exports to the United States is very cheaper, Canada decided to “normal price” and impose special export price differences dumping duties. The U.S. government believes that Canada tax act is a non-tariff barriers , appeal to the GATT, imports of potatoes required to solve Canada anti-dumping duties of the problem. 1963 年 1 2, Canada abolished the tax.
This entry was posted on Friday, January 27th, 2012 at 9:38 pm and is filed under Fashion. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
|